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1.
J. bras. pneumol ; 38(1): 98-104, jan.-fev. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-617033

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: A ventilação mecânica (VM) por si própria pode contribuir diretamente para a lesão pulmonar. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar biomarcadores precoces relacionados ao equilíbrio oxidantes/antioxidantes, estresse oxidativo e inflamação causados por VM de curta duração em pulmões de camundongos saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Vinte camundongos C57BL/6 machos foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos: VM, submetidos a VM com baixo volume corrente (V T, 6 mL/kg) por 30 min; e respiração espontânea (RE), utilizados como controles. Amostras de homogeneizados de pulmão foram testados quanto à atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica e expressão de TNF-α. RESULTADOS: Comparados ao grupo RE, houve uma redução significativa na atividade de superóxido dismutase (≈35 por cento; p < 0,05) e aumento da atividade de catalase (40 por cento; p < 0,01), glutationa peroxidase (500 por cento; p < 0,001) e mieloperoxidase (260 por cento; p < 0,001), ao passo que a razão glutationa reduzida/glutationa oxidada foi menor (≈50 por cento; p < 0,05), e houve um aumento na atividade de expressão de TNF-α no grupo VM. O dano oxidativo, analisado como peroxidação lipídica, também aumentou no grupo VM (45 por cento; p < 0.05). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados demonstraram que VM de curta duração com baixa V T pode contribuir diretamente para a lesão pulmonar, gerando estresse oxidativo e inflamação em pulmões de camundongos saudáveis.


OBJECTIVE: Mechanical ventilation (MV) itself can directly contribute to lung injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate early biomarkers concerning oxidant/antioxidant balance, oxidative stress, and inflammation caused by short-term MV in healthy mouse lungs. METHODS: Twenty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: MV, submitted to low tidal volume (V T, 6 mL/kg) MV for 30 min; and spontaneous respiration (SR), used as controls. Lung homogenate samples were tested regarding the activity of various antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α expression. RESULTS: In comparison with the SR group, the MV group showed a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase (≈35 percent; p < 0.05), together with an increase in the activity of catalase (40 percent; p < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (500 percent; p < 0.001), and myeloperoxidase (260 percent; p < 0.001), as well as a reduction in the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (≈50 percent; p < 0.05) and an increase in TNF-α expression in the MV group. Oxidative damage, assessed by lipid peroxidation, was also greater in the MV group (45 percent; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that short-term low V T MV can directly contribute to lung injury, generating oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy mouse lungs.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Inflammation/pathology , Lipid Peroxidation/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Tidal Volume/physiology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/etiology , Biomarkers/analysis , Inflammation/etiology , Models, Animal , Random Allocation , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Statistics, Nonparametric , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/metabolism , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/pathology
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 26(4): 1013-1022, Dec. 2008. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-532942

ABSTRACT

Nicotine is the more abundant component in cigarette smoke. Because nicotine is first metabolized in the liver, our aim was to investigate the effects of nicotine on this organ by biochemical and stereological methods. Male Wistar rats were treated with oral nicotine (ON) diluted in drinking water during 32 days. The control group was treated with drinking water in the same period. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after last day, the blood was collected and the liver was removed. Lipidogram was performed by enzymatic method and collagen fibers, fat globules and hepatocytes were count in the liver by stereological methods. We observed in control group preserved hepatocytes, with no presence of inflammatory cells. However in the ON group was possible to observe varied size of hepatocytes with cloudy cellular limits and histoarchitecture loss. Capillaries were fully of red blood cells. We observed also an increase of fat globules with small size. We observed in leucogram a reduction of leukocytes number (lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes) in the ON group in comparison to control group. The lipidogram showed an increase of triglycerides and total cholesterol for ON group when compared to control group. Moreover, a reduction of HDL- cholesterol was observed in ON group when compared to control group. Numerical density of hepatocytes was lesser in ON group when compared to control group. We suggest harmful effects of oral nicotine in liver induced by toxic mechanism with reduction of hepatocytes number and disturbance in lipid metabolism.


La nicotina es el componente más abundante en el humo del cigarrillo. Primero porque la nicotina es metabolizada en el hígado, nuestro objetivo fue investigar los efectos de la nicotina sobre este órgano por métodos bioquímicos y estereológicos. Hombre rata Wistar fueron tratados con la nicotina oral (NO) diluida en el agua potable durante 32 días. El grupo control fue tratado con agua potable en el mismo período. Las ratas se sacrificaron 24 horas después del último día, se recogió la sangre y el hígado fue retirado. Lipidogram se realizó por el método enzimático y fibras de colágeno, grasa y hepatocitos se cuentan en el hígado mediante métodos estereológicos. Hemos observado en el grupo control hepatocitos conservados, sin presencia de células inflamatorias. Sin embargo en el grupo ON fue posible observar variado tamaño de hepatocitos con nubes y claros límites celulares y histoarchitecture pérdida. Capilares están plenamente de los glóbulos rojos. Se observó también un aumento de grasa con pequeño tamaño. Hemos observado en leucogram una reducción del número de glóbulos blancos (linfocitos, neutrófilos y monocitos) en el grupo ON, en comparación con el grupo control. El lipidogram mostró un aumento de los triglicéridos y de colesterol total ON grupo comparado con el grupo control. Por otra parte, una reducción del HDL-colesterol se observó en el grupo ON, en comparación con el grupo control. Densidad numérica de los hepatocitos fue menor en el grupo ON, en comparación con el grupo control. Sugerimos oral efectos nocivos de la nicotina en el hígado inducido por tóxicos con mecanismo de reducción de número de hepatocitos y alteraciones en el metabolismo lipídico.


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Rats , Liver , Liver/pathology , Nicotine/pharmacology , Hepatocytes/pathology , Lipids/analysis , Nicotine/administration & dosage , Rats, Wistar
3.
J. bras. pneumol ; 34(10): 787-795, out. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-496614

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Muitos estudos sobre enfisema são realizados com exposição de animais à fumaça de cigarro durante um longo tempo, focando o tipo de célula envolvida no desequilíbrio protease/antiprotease e a degradação da matriz extracelular. A expressão aumentada de metaloproteinases no enfisema está associado com citocinas e evidências sugerem um papel importante da metaloproteinase de matriz-12 (MMP-12). Nosso objetivo foi estudar a detecção de inibidor tissular de metaloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e interleucina-6 (IL-6) por métodos imunohistoquímicos no pulmão de camundongos. MÉTODOS: Camundongos C57BL/6 machos foram expostos 3 vezes ao dia a fumaça de 3 cigarros por um período de 10, 20, 30 ou 60 dias através de uma câmara de inalação (grupos CS10, CS20, CS30 e CS60, respectivamente). O grupo controle foi exposto às mesmas condições ao ar ambiente. RESULTADOS: Nós observamos um aumento progressivo de macrófagos alveolares no lavado broncoalveolar dos grupos expostos. O diâmetro alveolar médio, um indicador de destruição alveolar, aumentou em todos os grupos expostos quando comparado ao grupo controle. O índice imunohistoquímico (II) para MMP-12 aumentou nos grupos CS10, CS20 e CS30 em paralelo a uma redução do II para TIMP-2 nos grupos CS10, CS20 e CS30. O II para as citocinas TNF-α e IL-6 aumentou em todos os grupos expostos quando comparado ao grupo controle. Enfisema foi observado no grupo CS60, com alterações na densidade de volume de fibras colágenas e elásticas. CONCLUSÕES: Estes achados sugerem que a fumaça de cigarro induz enfisema com uma participação importante do TNF-α e da IL-6 sem a participação de neutrófilos.


OBJECTIVE: Various studies of emphysema involve long-term exposure of animals to cigarette smoke, focusing on the cell type involved in the protease/antiprotease imbalance and on extracellular matrix degradation. In emphysema, increased expression of metalloproteinases is associated with cytokines, and evidence suggests that the matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) plays an important role. Our objective was to investigate tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) detection by immunohistochemical methods in mouse lung. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed 3 times a day to smoke of 3 cigarettes over a period of 10, 20, 30 or 60 days in an inhalation chamber (groups CS10, CS20, CS30 and CS60, respectively). Controls were exposed to the same conditions in room air. RESULTS: A progressive increase in the number of alveolar macrophages was observed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the exposed mice. The mean linear intercept, an indicator of alveolar destruction, was greater in all exposed groups when compared to control group. In the CS10, CS20 and CS30 mice, the immunohistochemical index (II) for MMP-12 increased in parallel with a decrease in II for TIMP-2 in the CS10, CS20 and CS30 mice. The II for the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 was greater in all exposed groups than in the control group. Emphysema, with changes in volume density of collagen and elastic fibers, was observed in the CS60 group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that cigarette smoke induces emphysema with major participation of TNF-α and IL-6 without participation of neutrophils.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , /metabolism , /metabolism , Pulmonary Emphysema/metabolism , /metabolism , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology , Pulmonary Emphysema/etiology , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathology , Time Factors
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 26(1): 47-50, 2008. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-558573

ABSTRACT

Thirty hearts from adult individuals, 15 from male individuals and 15 female individuals, from the Anatomy Institute of Severino Sombra University were used. After a paramedian incision in the sternocostal joint, a careful dissection was performed in order to expose and identify the sinoatrial nodal artery (SAN), a right or left coronary artery branch. The domain was registered as right, if the right coronary branch irrigated the SAN. The same was listed for the left coronary artery. In addition, cases were both arteries irrigated SAN also were listed. All data, including hearts mass according to gender definition, were compared with previous reports through the variance analysis test (One-way ANOVA) and the post-hoc test of Newman-Keuls with p 0.05. Groups were defined as MHL: Hearts from male individuals, data from literature; FHL: Hearts from female individuals, data from literature; MHS: Hearts from male individuals, data obtained from the present study; FHS: Hearts from female individuals, data obtained from the present study. Data from MHL was 22 percent heavier than FHL group. MHS group was 41 percent heavier than FHS group. Only FHS was 11 percent lighter than FHL (p<0.05). Right coronary domain was present in 80 percent and 100 percent of the studied cases, male and female, respectively. Only 20 percent of the hearts from MHS group showed left coronary domain. No cases of irrigation form both arteries were observed in the present study. The present results indicated higher right sinoatrial nodal artery dominance in all cases studied regardless gender and differences on heart weight were similar to those found in literature descriptions.


Fueron utilizados treinta corazones de individuos adultos, 15 de individuos de sexo masculino y 15 femeninos, del Instituto de Anatomía de la Universidade de Severino Sombra, Brasil. Después de una incisión paramediana esternal, fue realizada una disección para exponer e identificar la arteria del nodo sinoatrial (NSA), una rama derecha o izquierda de la arteria coronaria. Si el NSA está irrigado por la rama coronaria derecha, el dominio es derecho. Igual para la arteria coronaria izquierda. En los casos en que el NSA está irrigado por ambas arterias, se denomina codominancia. Los datos recogidos, masa de los corazones y género, fueron comparados con informes anteriores a través de la prueba de análisis de varianza (ANOVA unidireccional) y de la prueba post-hoc de Newman-Keuls con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Los grupos fueron definidos como: MHL corazones de los individuos masculinos recogidos de la literatura; FHL corazones de individuos femeninos recogidos de la literatura; MHS corazones de los individuos masculinos, del actual estudio; FHS corazones de individuos femeninos, del actual estudio. Al comparar el peso de los corazones entre los grupos, MHL pesó 22 por ciento más que el grupo de FHL (p<0.05); el grupo MHS pesó 41 por ciento más que grupo de FHS (p<0.05). Solamente en FHS eran 11 por ciento más livianos que en FHL (p<0.05). De los corazones estudiados, presentaron dominancia coronaria derecha, 80 por ciento en los hombres y 100 por ciento en las mujeres. Sólo el 20 por ciento presentó dominancia coronaria derecha en los hombres. No hubo casos de codominancia en los corazones estudiados. Los actuales resultados indican que la dominancia coronaria derecha era más alta en todos los casos estudiados independiente del género y las diferencias en peso del corazón eran similares a las encontradas en la literatura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Heart/anatomy & histology , Coronary Vessels/anatomy & histology , Brazil
5.
Fisioter. Bras ; 8(4): 233-238, jul.-ago. 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491292

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o déficit cognitivo entre idosos de duas instituições da cidade de Vassouras RJ com ou sem tratamento fisioterapêutico. A distribuição dos resultados foi analisada através dos dados obtidos, segundo a aplicação do mini-exame do estado mental (MEEM), sob a observação das condições distintas entre as duas instituições. A soma dos escores do MEEM obtidos entre a amostra de idosos do Asilo Barão do Amparo (ABA) e Asilo Sagrado Coração (ASC) foram, respectivamente, 18,2 e 16,34. O nível de escolaridade e o tratamento fisioterapêutico não exerceram qualquer tipo de influência sobre os escores do MEEM ao se comparar as idosas do asilo ABA com as idosas do asilo ASC. Nossos resultados indicaram que não houve fatores associados ao baixo escore na avaliação do MEEM nos parâmetros analisados em ambos os grupos, exceto a idade avançada.


The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive deficit between elderly of two institutions in the city of Vassouras RJ with or without physical therapy. The distribution of the results was analyzed through the data according to application of the mini-mental state exam (MMSE), under distinct conditions between the two institutions. The addition of MMSE scores between the institutions ABA and ASC were 18.2 and 16.34, respectively. The educational level and the physical therapy had not effect about the MMSE when compared elderly from ABA and ASC. Our results showed no factors involved to the low scores in the MMSE evaluation for the parameters analyzed in both groups, except the advanced age.


Subject(s)
Aged , Diplomatic Asylum , Frail Elderly , Physical Therapy Modalities , Old Age Assistance
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